Formula Reference: Operators & Functions

Write a formula in a text object or a table column to calculate and format parameter values at output time. This page covers formula syntax and every operator and function you can use.

Before you start

• To learn how to create parameters and embed them in text, read Variable Basics first.
• To search by goal ("show the Japanese era", "sum the line items"), see Template Capabilities.

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Where to enter formulas

1. Select a text object and open Edit text.
2. Switch to the Variables & formulas tab at the top.
3. Type the formula in Formula input. The result appears under Evaluation result as you type.
4. Open Show available functions & operators to see the main functions and operators with examples.

The same formula syntax is used for table columns, chart labels and values, and checkbox conditions. In a table column, the formula is evaluated row by row.

Values used in the examples

The examples on this page assume these parameter values.

Parameter	Value
@amount	1234567
@price	1200
@qty	3
@name	山田 太郎
@code	INV-2026-001
@invoiceDate	2026-10-01
@paid	false
@note	'' (empty text)

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Syntax

What	How to write it	Example
Parameter	@parameterName	@price, @customerName
Table column	@tableName.columnName	@items.unitPrice (the value on the current row)
Text	'...' or "..."	' san', "USD"
Number	digits and a decimal point	100, 0.1
Boolean	true / false	true
Function	name(arg, arg, ...)	round(@price, 0)
Parentheses	( ... )	(1 + 2) * 3

• Always prefix parameters with @. Without @ (for example price), the parameter is not referenced.
• Function names are case-sensitive. if works; IF fails with "Unknown function: IF".
• Numbers cannot use exponent notation (1e3) or start with a decimal point (.5); write 0.5.
• Inside text, write a line break as \n. Escape the enclosing quote as \' / \".
• Spaces and line breaks between parts of a formula are ignored.

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Operators

Kind	Operator	Meaning	Example → Result
Arithmetic	+	Add	@price + 100 → 1300
Arithmetic	-	Subtract (also a sign, as in -@price)	@price - 200 → 1000
Arithmetic	*	Multiply	@price * @qty → 3600
Arithmetic	/	Divide	10 / 4 → 2.5
Arithmetic	%	Remainder	10 % 3 → 1
Comparison	== / !=	Equal / not equal	@code == 'INV-2026-001' → true
Comparison	> < >= <=	Greater / less than	@price > 1000 → true
Logical	and	Both true	@price > 1000 and @qty < 5 → true
Logical	or	Either true	@price > 5000 or @qty > 1 → true
Logical	not	Negation	not @paid → true

Things to watch out for

• + does not join text. It adds both sides as numbers ('1' + '2' → 3). Use concat() to join text.
• == / != also compare types. The number 1 and the text '1' are not equal (1 == '1' → false).
• > < >= <= compare as numbers ('10' > '9' → true).
• Dividing by zero renders as blank (10 / 0, 10 % 0).
• Arithmetic on values that are not numbers renders as NaN ('a' + 1 → NaN).
• Decimal arithmetic can show rounding errors (0.1 + 0.2 → 0.30000000000000004). Use round() before displaying.

Order of evaluation

Listed from first to last. Operators on the same line are evaluated left to right.

1. Parentheses ( ... ) and functions
2. Sign -, not
3. * / %
4. + -
5. Comparisons == != > < >= <=
6. and or

and and or have the same precedence

Unlike most programming languages, and is not evaluated before or; they are evaluated left to right. For example, 1 or 0 and 0 means (1 or 0) and 0, which is false. Always add parentheses when you mix and and or.

@price > 1000 and (@qty == 0 or @qty > 10)

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Functions

The "Listed" column shows whether the function appears under Show available functions & operators in the editor. Functions that are not listed still work when you type them into the formula input (the input's syntax coloring shows their names as unlisted).

Conditions and logic

Function	Syntax	Description	Example → Result	Listed
if	if(condition, valueIfTrue, valueIfFalse)	Choose a value by condition	if(@price > 1000, 'High', 'Low') → High	Yes
and	and(value1, value2, ...)	true if all are true	and(1, true) → true	No
or	or(value1, value2, ...)	true if any is true	or(0, '') → false	No
not	not(value)	Negate	not(@paid) → true	No
isEmpty	isEmpty(value)	true if there is no value, whatever its type	if(isEmpty(@note), 'None', @note) → None	Yes

• 0, empty text, and false count as false.
• Always pass all three arguments to if(). If you omit the false value, the formula fails when the condition is false. To show nothing, pass ''.
• These behave like the and / or / not operators. For joining conditions, the operator form (@a > 0 and @b > 0) is easier to read.

What isEmpty treats as "no value"

Value	isEmpty result
A parameter with no value, or a parameter that does not exist	true
Empty text, or text that is only whitespace (half-width or full-width spaces, line breaks)	true
0, false, '0', non-empty text, dates	false

• 0 and false count as false in an if condition, but isEmpty treats them as values. An amount of 0 gives false.
• To check that a value exists, write not(isEmpty(@note)).
• A table column (@items.note) is checked row by row inside the table. Outside the table it checks the column as a whole: false if the table has at least one row (even when the values are empty), and true if the table has no rows.
• A table itself (@items) cannot be checked. It gives true even when the table has rows, so you cannot use it to check whether a table has no rows.

Text

Function	Syntax	Description	Example → Result	Listed
concat	concat(value1, value2, ...)	Join values	concat(@name, ' 様') → 山田 太郎 様	Yes
length	length(text)	Number of characters	length(@code) → 12	Yes
left	left(text, count)	Characters from the start	left(@code, 3) → INV	No
right	right(text, count)	Characters from the end	right(@code, 3) → 001	No
mid	mid(text, start, count)	Characters from the middle	mid(@code, 4, 4) → 2026	No
trim	trim(text)	Remove leading and trailing spaces	trim(' ABC ') → ABC	No
upper	upper(text)	Uppercase	upper('abc') → ABC	No
lower	lower(text)	Lowercase	lower('ABC') → abc	No
replace	replace(text, search, replacement)	Replace text	replace(@code, '-', '/') → INV/2026/001	No
replaceAll	replaceAll(text, search, replacement)	Same as replace	replaceAll(@code, '-', '') → INV2026001	No

• concat() turns numbers and booleans into text as they are (concat('a', 1, true) → a1true).
• The start of mid() is zero-based (the first character is 0).
• right(text, 0) returns the whole text.
• replace() replaces every occurrence. The search text is matched literally (not as a regular expression).

Numbers

Function	Syntax	Description	Example → Result	Listed
comma	comma(number)	Add thousands separators	comma(@amount) → 1,234,567	Yes
round	round(number, decimals)	Round half up	round(1234.567, 2) → 1234.57	Yes
floor	floor(number)	Round down to an integer	floor(1234.5) → 1234	Yes
ceil	ceil(number)	Round up to an integer	ceil(1234.1) → 1235	Yes
abs	abs(number)	Absolute value	abs(-10) → 10	Yes
max	max(number1, number2, ...)	Largest value	max(10, 20, 5) → 20	Yes
min	min(number1, number2, ...)	Smallest value	min(10, 20, 5) → 5	Yes

• comma() rounds to at most three decimal places (comma(1234.5678) → 1,234.568). Its result is text, so it cannot be used in further arithmetic.
• round() without decimals rounds to an integer (round(1234.5) → 1235). Negative decimals round to tens or above (round(1234.5, -2) → 1200).
• round() rounds .5 up toward positive infinity, so round(-2.5) → -2.
• floor() / ceil() round to an integer; for negative numbers floor(-3.2) → -4. To round down at a decimal place, write floor(@price * 100) / 100.
• Passing a value that is not a number fails (comma('abc')).

Type conversion

Function	Syntax	Description	Example → Result	Listed
text	text(value)	Convert to text	text(123) → 123	No
number	number(value)	Convert to a number	number('12.5') + 1 → 13.5	No

• number() fails for values that cannot be converted. Empty text becomes 0.

Dates

Function	Syntax	Description	Example → Result	Listed
dateFormat	dateFormat(date, format, timezone)	Format a date as text	dateFormat(@invoiceDate, 'YYYY/MM/DD') → 2026/10/01	Yes
dateAdd	dateAdd(date, amount, unit, timezone)	Move a date forward or back	dateFormat(dateAdd(@invoiceDate, 30, 'days'), 'YYYY-MM-DD') → 2026-10-31	Yes
dateDiff	dateDiff(date1, date2, unit, timezone)	Difference between dates (date2 − date1)	dateDiff('2026-01-01', '2026-01-31', 'days') → 30	Yes
now	now()	The date and time of evaluation	dateFormat(now(), 'YYYY/MM/DD')	Yes

• Pass dates as text such as 2026-10-01. Date-times such as 2026-01-15T00:30:00Z also work.

• The timezone is optional. When omitted, the workspace setting is used, or Japan time (Asia/Tokyo) if none is set. Specify it by name, such as 'UTC' or 'America/New_York'.

  dateFormat('2026-01-15T00:30:00Z', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm')          → 2026-01-15 09:30
  dateFormat('2026-01-15T00:30:00Z', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm', 'UTC')   → 2026-01-15 00:30

• dateAdd() and now() return a date. Wrap them in dateFormat() to display them.

• A negative amount moves the date back (dateAdd(@invoiceDate, -1, 'years') → 2025-10-01). Month-end dates are clamped (one month after 2026-01-31 is 2026-02-28).

• dateDiff() drops fractions (2026-01-31 to 2026-03-30 is 1 in months). Swapping the dates gives a negative number.

• When the date passed to dateFormat() is empty, the result is blank.

Units

dateAdd() / dateDiff() accept days, months, years, hours, and minutes.

Format tokens

Token	Meaning	For 2026-10-01
YYYY	4-digit year	2026
M / MM	Month / zero-padded month	10 / 10
D / DD	Day / zero-padded day	1 / 01
H / HH	Hour (24-hour) / zero-padded
m / mm	Minute / zero-padded
GGGG	Japanese era name	令和
G	Era initial	R
y / yy	Japanese era year / zero-padded	8 / 08
E	Weekday (short, Japanese)	木
EEEE	Weekday (Japanese)	木曜日
[...]	Output the enclosed text as is	[Issued:] YYYY/MM/DD → Issued: 2026/10/01

dateFormat(@invoiceDate, 'YYYY/MM/DD')       → 2026/10/01
dateFormat(@invoiceDate, 'GGGGy年M月D日')     → 令和8年10月1日
dateFormat(@invoiceDate, 'Gyy.MM.DD')         → R08.10.01
dateFormat(@invoiceDate, 'M月D日(E)')         → 10月1日(木)

For the details of the Japanese era (era boundaries, "元年"), see Template Capabilities — Japanese era.

Page numbers

Function	Syntax	Description	Listed
currentPage	currentPage()	Current page number	No
page	page()	Same as currentPage()	Yes
totalPages	totalPages()	Total number of pages	No
maxPage	maxPage()	Same as totalPages()	Yes

concat(currentPage(), ' / ', totalPages())   → 1 / 3 (page 1 of 3)

Text color

Function	Syntax	Description	Example	Listed
colored	colored(text, color)	Set the text color	colored(@name, '#D32F2F')	Yes
coloredIf	coloredIf(condition, text, colorIfTrue, colorIfFalse)	Choose the text color by condition	coloredIf(@balance < 0, @balance, '#D32F2F', '#000000')	Yes

• Write colors as #RRGGBB (for example #D32F2F) or #RRGGBBAA with transparency. Color names such as 'red' fail.
• In coloredIf(), both colors must be valid, including the one that is not used.

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Expressions that cause errors

When a formula has an error, the editor shows it and Confirm is disabled.

Expression	Why
IF(@price > 1000, 'a', 'b')	Wrong case in the function name (write if)
comma('abc')	A value that is not a number is passed to a number function
colored('A', 'red')	The color is not in #RRGGBB form
max()	No arguments
1 = 1	There is no = operator (use == to compare)
'unclosed text	The quote is not closed
price	The parameter is missing its @

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Limitations

• There is no function that sums a table column (like SUM). Pass totals as parameters (Column totals).

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Related pages

• Variable Basics
• Template Capabilities
• PDF Generation Guide